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Programme 20.11.2026
The length of each presentation is 15 minutes, with an additional 5 minutes reserved for discussion.
- 14.00-14.20 Miika Luhtamäki - Optimisation of rock structures in a lined railway tunnel
- 14.20-14.40 Oskari Jokiaho - Validation and Implementation of Protocols for Post-Blast Fragmentation Analysis in Open-Pit Mining
Thesis presented
Supervisor: Lauri Uotinen
Author: Miika Luhtamäki
Advisor(s): DI Matti Kalliomäki
Collaborative Partner: Finnmap Infra Oy, Länsirata Oy
Abstract:
The design solutions adopted for the rock support and lining structures of excavated railway tunnels have a significant effect on excavation volumes, material consumption, construction costs and CO2 emissions. This thesis examined the optimisation of railway tunnel rock structures by reducing the space between the tunnel lining and the rock surface and by replacing part of the structural shotcrete with welded wire mesh. The objective was to reduce excavation and rock support quantities and to assess the resulting cost and emission savings.
The study consisted of a literature review, analytical design calculations, cost and emission calculations, and load tests on welded wire mesh. The calculated equivalence between shotcrete and welded wire mesh was assessed based on the load of a rock block forming between the rock bolts. The performance of the mesh was investigated using fixing spacings of 1.0 m and 1.5 m. The effects of reducing the space behind the lining were evaluated by reducing the excavation profile of the reference tunnel by 20 cm and 60 cm.
The results indicate that reducing the space behind the lining can provide significant savings in excavation quantities, costs and CO2 emissions. However, construction tolerances, water and ice management, and the inspection and repair of the structures must be considered when reducing this space. Using welded wire mesh instead of shotcrete reduces space requirements and emissions while accelerating construction. Welded wire mesh can replace part of the structural shotcrete in tunnel sections with good-quality rock, but the two support systems cannot be considered equivalent in all respects. Their suitability should therefore be assessed separately for each tunnel section.
Author: Oskari Jokiaho
Title of thesis: Validation and Implementation of Protocols for Post-Blast Fragmentation Analysis in Open-Pit Mining.
Supervisor: Lauri Uotinen
Advisor(s): Ville Helko
Collaborative partner: Terrafame Oy
Abstract:
This thesis investigates the validation and implementation of post-blast fragmen-tation analysis protocols at Terrafame’s open pit mine. The primary objective is to select suitable analysis software, integrate it into daily operations, and estab-lish a continuous feedback loop to optimize drill and blast parameters.
This thesis compares different fragmentation analysis software available in the market and chooses the most suitable one for Terrafame’s operations. The thesis also aims to create and integrate the analysis process into the current mining operation, by establishing feedback loops from the post-blast parameters to the drill design. The analysis results are used to create protocols on how to use the fragmentation analysis tool to improve the drill and blast design in an open pit mine.
A quantitative research method was used in the study. UAV photogrammetry was used to capture high-resolution imagery of the blasted muckpiles. Based on test fragmentation analyses Strayos was found to be the most suitable analysis tool for Terrafame. Field tests with modified burden and spacing parameters across black schist and mica schist domains were performed, comparing the results against theoretical Kuz-Ram and KCO fragmentation models.
The results show that while in the black schist areas of the mine the blasting cur-rently performs well, adjusting the spacing-to-burden ratio can potentially further improve rock uniformity without increasing drilling meters. The current drill and blast parameters for mica schist require more optimization, as the resulting fragmentation is significantly coarser compared to the black schist areas. This study successfully established an adaptable framework for fragmentation analy-sis using UAV photogrammetry and Strayos. This framework allows transition from subjective visual estimations to data-driven evaluations and continuous re-finement of blasting operations for Terrafame and potentially other open pit mines.
Tässä diplomityössä tutkitaan räjäytyksen jälkeisen fragmentaatioanalyysin me-netelmien validointia ja käyttöönottoa Terrafame Oy:n avolouhoksella. Päätavoit-teena on valita sopiva analyysiohjelmisto, integroida se päivittäiseen toimintaan ja luoda jatkuva palautekehä poraus- ja panostusparametrien optimoimiseksi.
Työssä vertaillaan markkinoilla saatavilla olevia fragmentaatioanalyysiohjelmis-toja ja valitaan niistä Terrafamen toimintaan parhaiten soveltuva. Lisäksi työn tavoitteena on luoda analyysiprosessi ja integroida se nykyiseen louhintatoimin-taan muodostamalla palautekehä räjäytyksen jälkeisistä tuloksista porauksen suunnitteluun. Analyysin tulosten perusteella laaditaan protokollat sille, miten fragmentaatioanalyysityökalua voidaan hyödyntää poraus- ja panostussuunnitte-lun kehittämisessä avolouhoksella.
Tutkimuksessa käytettiin kvantitatiivista tutkimusmenetelmää. Räjäytetyistä lou-hekasoista kerättiin kuva-aineistoa miehittämättömällä ilma-aluksella (UAV) fotogrammetriaa hyödyntäen. Fragmentaatioanalyysi testien perusteella Strayos todettiin Terrafamelle parhaiten soveltuvaksi analyysityökaluksi. Kenttäkokeissa muutettiin rivi- ja reikävälejä kaivoksen mustaliuske- ja kiilleliuskealueilla, ja tu-loksia verrattiin teoreettisiin Kuz-Ram- ja KCO-fragmentaatiomalleihin.
Tulokset osoittavat, että vaikka kaivoksen mustaliuskealueilla räjäytys toimii ny-kyisellään hyvin, reikävälin ja rivivälin suhteen säätäminen voi mahdollisesti pa-rantaa louheen tasalaatuisuutta entisestään ilman porausmetrien lisäämistä. Kiilleliuskeen nykyiset poraus- ja räjäytysparametrit vaativat lisäoptimointia, sillä niillä saavutettu raekoko on huomattavasti karkeampi kuin mustaliuskealueilla. Tutkimuksessa luotiin onnistuneesti kehitysmalli fragmentaatioanalyysille UAV-fotogrammetriaa ja Strayos-ohjelmistoa hyödyntäen. Kehitysmallin avulla voi-daan siirtyä subjektiivisesta visuaalisesta arvioinnista datalähtöiseen arviointiin ja kehittää räjäytystoimintaa jatkuvasti Terrafamella ja mahdollisesti myös muilla avolouhoksilla.